肥宅钓鱼网
当前位置: 首页 钓鱼百科

openstack搭建教程(openstack平台搭建步骤)

时间:2023-06-12 作者: 小编 阅读量: 1 栏目名: 钓鱼百科

到期令牌的积累大大增加数据库的大小,可能会降低服务的性能,特别是在资源有限的环境中。

OpenStack安装部署

一、基础准备工作

部署环境:CentOS 7 64

1、关闭本地iptables防火墙并设置开机不自启动

# systemctl stop firewalld.service# systemctl disable firewalld.service

2、关闭本地selinux防火墙

# vim /etc/sysconfig/selinux SELINUX=disabled# setenforce 0

3、设置主机计算机名称

# hostnamectl set-hostname controller

4、本地主机名称和ip的解析

# vim /etc/hosts192.168.0.104 controller

5、安装ntp时间校准工具

# yum -y install ntp# ntpdate asia.pool.ntp.org

6、安装第三方yum源

# yum -y install yum-plugin-priorities# yum -y install http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/x86_64/e/epel-release-7-2.noarch.rpm# yum -y install http://rdo.fedorapeople.org/openstack-juno/rdo-release-juno.rpm

7、升级系统软件包并重新系统

# yum upgrade# reboot

二、安装配置mariadb数据库

1、安装mariadb数据库

# yum -y install mariadb mariadb-server MySQL-python

2、配置mariadb数据库

# cp /etc/my.cnf /etc/my.cnf.bak# rpm -ql mariadb# vim /etc/my.cnf.d/server.cnf[mysqld]bind-address = 0.0.0.0default-storage-engine = innodbinnodb_file_per_tablecollation-server = utf8_general_ciinit-connect = 'SET NAMES utf8'character-set-server = utf8

3、启动mariadb数据库

# systemctl enable mariadb.service# systemctl start mariadb.service

三、安装消息队列服务

1、安装rabbit所需软件包

# yum -y install rabbitmq-server

2、启动rabbit服务

# systemctl enable rabbitmq-server.service# systemctl start rabbitmq-server.service

3、设置rabbit服务密码

# rabbitmqctl change_password guest rabbit

四、安装keyston用户认证组件

1、创建keystone数据库和授权用户

mysql -u root -pCREATE DATABASE keystone;GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON keystone.* TO 'keystone'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'keystone';GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON keystone.* TO 'keystone'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'keystone';

2、安装keystone组件包

# yum -y install openstack-utils openstack-keystone python-keystoneclient

3、配置keystone文件

# cp /etc/keystone/keystone.conf /etc/keystone/keystone.conf.bak# vim /etc/keystone/keystone.conf [DEFAULT]verbose = True[database]connection = mysql://keystone:keystone@controller/keystone[token]provider = keystone.token.providers.uuid.Providerdriver = keystone.token.persistence.backends.sql.Token

4、创建证书和秘钥文件

# keystone-manage pki_setup --keystone-user keystone --keystone-group keystone# chown -R keystone:keystone /var/log/keystone# chown -R keystone:keystone /etc/keystone/ssl# chmod -R o-rwx /etc/keystone/ssl

5、同步keystone到mariadb数据库

# su -s /bin/sh -c "keystone-manage db_sync" keystone

6、启动keystone服务并开机自启动

# systemctl enable openstack-keystone.service# systemctl start openstack-keystone.service

7、清除过期的令牌

默认情况下,身份服务存储在数据库中过期的令牌无限。到期令牌的积累大大增加数据库的大小,可能会降低服务的性能,特别是在资源有限的环境中。我们建议您使用cron配置一个周期性任务,清除过期的令牌时

# (crontab -l -u keystone 2>&1 | grep -q token_flush) ||echo '@hourly /usr/bin/keystone-manage token_flush >/var/log/keystone/keystone-tokenflush.log 2>&1'>> /var/spool/cron/keystone

—————————-Create tenants,user,and roles———————————

1、配置admin的token

# export OS_SERVICE_TOKEN=$(openssl rand -hex 10)# export OS_SERVICE_ENDPOINT=http://controller:35357/v2.0# echo $OS_SERVICE_TOKEN > ~/ks_admin_token# openstack-config --set /etc/keystone/keystone.conf DEFAULT admin_token$OS_SERVICE_TOKEN# service openstack-keystone restart

2、创建tenant、user and role

a.Create the admin tenant、user、role# keystone tenant-create --name admin --description "Admin Tenant"# keystone user-create --name admin --pass admin --email admin@zhengyansheng.com# keystone role-create --name adminb.Add the admin tenant and user to the admin role:# keystone user-role-add --tenant admin --user admin --role adminc.By default, the dashboard limits access to users with the _member_ role.# keystone role-create --name _member_d.Add the admin tenant and user to the _member_ role:# keystone user-role-add --tenant admin --user admin --role _member_

3、创建一个普通demo项目和用户

a.Create the demo tenant:# keystone tenant-create --name demo --description "Demo Tenant"b.Create the demo user:# keystone user-create --name demo --pass demo --email demo@zhengyansheng.comc.Add the demo tenant and user to the _member_ role:# keystone user-role-add --tenant demo --user demo --role _member_

4、创建一个service项目

# keystone tenant-create --name service --description "Service Tenant"

————————Create the service entity and API endpoint————————

1、Create the service entity and API endpoint | Create the service entity for the Identity service:

# keystone service-create --name keystone --type identity --description "OpenStack Identity"

2、Create the API endpoint for the Identity service:

# keystone endpoint-create --service-id $(keystone service-list | awk '/ identity / {print $2}') --publicurl http://controller:5000/v2.0 --internalurl http://controller:5000/v2.0 --adminurl http://controller:35357/v2.0 --region regionOne

3、查看keystone认证信息

[root@controller ~]# keystone user-list+----------------------------------+-------+---------+-------------------------+|id|name | enabled |email|+----------------------------------+-------+---------+-------------------------+| 7053cfacc4b047dcabe82f6be0e5dc77 | admin |True| admin@zhengyansheng.com || eea569106329465996e9e09a666838bd |demo |True|demo@zhengyansheng.com |+----------------------------------+-------+---------+-------------------------+[root@controller ~]# keystone tenant-list+----------------------------------+---------+---------+|id|name| enabled |+----------------------------------+---------+---------+| 307fd76766eb4b02a28779f4e88717ce |admin|True|| f054bd56851b4a318a19233a13e13d31 |demo|True|| d865c3b49f6f4bf7b2a0b93e0110e546 | service |True|+----------------------------------+---------+---------+[root@controller ~]# keystone service-list+----------------------------------+----------+----------+--------------------+|id|name|type|description|+----------------------------------+----------+----------+--------------------+| 9754f7bdf78c4000875f1aa5f3291b19 | keystone | identity | OpenStack Identity |+----------------------------------+----------+----------+--------------------+[root@controller ~]# keystone endpoint-list+----------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+------------------------------+----------------------------------+|id|region|publicurl|internalurl| adminurl |service_id|+----------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+------------------------------+----------------------------------+| 6831d6708fe4469fa653b9b5adf801d9 | regionOne | http://controller:5000/v2.0 | http://controller:5000/v2.0 | http://controller:35357/v2.0 | 9754f7bdf78c4000875f1aa5f3291b19 |+----------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+------------------------------+----------------------------------+

4、取消临时设置的环境变量

# unset OS_SERVICE_TOKEN # unset OS_SERVICE_ENDPOINT

5、使用keystone进行用户认证

# keystone --os-tenant-name admin --os-username admin --os-password admin --os-auth-url http://controller:35357/v2.0 token-get# keystone --os-tenant-name admin --os-username admin --os-password admin --os-auth-url http://controller:35357/v2.0 tenant-list# keystone --os-tenant-name admin --os-username admin --os-password admin --os-auth-url http://controller:35357/v2.0 user-list# keystone --os-tenant-name admin --os-username admin --os-password admin --os-auth-url http://controller:35357/v2.0 role-list

6、使用普通用户demo认证测试

# keystone --os-tenant-name demo --os-username demo --os-password demo --os-auth-url http://controller:35357/v2.0 token-get# keystone --os-tenant-name demo --os-username demo --os-password demo --os-auth-url http://controller:35357/v2.0 user-listYou are not authorized to perform the requested action: admin_required (HTTP 403)

7、客户端cli命令行脚本

# vim ~/admin-openrc.sh export OS_TENANT_NAME=adminexport OS_USERNAME=adminexport OS_PASSWORD=adminexport OS_AUTH_URL=http://controller:35357/v2.0
# vim ~/demo-openrc.shexport OS_TENANT_NAME=demoexport OS_USERNAME=demoexport OS_PASSWORD=demoexport OS_AUTH_URL=http://controller:5000/v2.0
# source admin-openrc.sh

8、测试如果取消环境变量,通过keystone仍然能够认证通过说明keystone是配置成功的

四、安装glance组件

1、创建keystone数据库和授权用户

mysql -u root -pCREATE DATABASE glance;GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON glance.* TO 'glance'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'glance';GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON glance.* TO 'glance'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'glance';

2、创建glance用户并加入到admin组中

# keystone user-create --name glance --pass glance# keystone user-role-add --user glance --tenant service --role admin

3、创建glance服务

# keystone service-create --name glance --type image --description "OpenStack Image Service"

4、创建Identity的服务访问rul

# keystone endpoint-create --service-id $(keystone service-list | awk '/ image / {print $2}') --publicurl http://controller:9292 --internalurl http://controller:9292 --adminurl http://controller:9292 --region regionOne

5、安装配置glance包

# yum -y install openstack-glance python-glanceclient

6、修改glance配置文件

# cp /etc/glance/glance-api.conf /etc/glance/glance-api.conf.bak# vim /etc/glance/glance-api.conf[DEFAULT] verbose = True[database]connection = mysql://glance:glance@controller/glance[keystone_authtoken]auth_uri = http://controller:5000/v2.0identity_uri = http://controller:35357admin_tenant_name = serviceadmin_user = glanceadmin_password = glance[paste_deploy]flavor = keystone[glance_store]default_store = filefilesystem_store_datadir = /var/lib/glance/images/
# cp /etc/glance/glance-registry.conf /etc/glance/glance-registry.conf.bak# vim /etc/glance/glance-registry.conf[DEFAULT]verbose = True[database]connection = mysql://glance:glance@controller/glance[keystone_authtoken]auth_uri = http://controller:5000/v2.0identity_uri = http://controller:35357admin_tenant_name = serviceadmin_user = glanceadmin_password = glance [paste_deploy]flavor = keystone

7、同步glance到mariadb数据库

# su -s /bin/sh -c "glance-manage db_sync" glance

8、启动和开机自启动

# systemctl enable openstack-glance-api.service openstack-glance-registry.service# systemctl start openstack-glance-api.service openstack-glance-registry.service

9、下载上传image镜像

# mkdir /tmp/images# cd /tmp/images# wget http://cdn.download.cirros-cloud.net/0.3.3/cirros-0.3.3-x86_64-disk.img# glance image-create --name "cirros-0.3.3-x86_64" --file cirros-0.3.3-x86_64-disk.img --disk-format qcow2 --container-format bare --is-public True --progress# glance image-list# mv /tmp/images /opt

五、添加一个计算节点

1、创建nova数据库和授权用户

mysql -u root -pCREATE DATABASE nova;GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON nova.* TO 'nova'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'nova';GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON nova.* TO 'nova'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'nova';

2、创建Nova的用户,加入到admin组、service服务

# keystone user-create --name nova --pass nova# keystone user-role-add --user nova --tenant service --role admin# keystone service-create --name nova --type compute --description "OpenStack Compute"

3、创建计算节点的访问url

# keystone endpoint-create --service-id $(keystone service-list | awk '/ compute / {print $2}') --publicurl http://controller:8774/v2/%(tenant_id)s --internalurl http://controller:8774/v2/%(tenant_id)s --adminurl http://controller:8774/v2/%(tenant_id)s --region regionOne

4、安装Nova包

# yum -y install openstack-nova-api openstack-nova-cert openstack-nova-conductor openstack-nova-console openstack-nova-novncproxy openstack-nova-scheduler python-novaclient# yum -y install openstack-nova-compute sysfsutils

5、修改nova配置文件

# cp /etc/nova/nova.conf /etc/nova/nova.conf.bak# vim /etc/nova/nova.conf[DEFAULT]my_ip = controllervncserver_listen = controllervncserver_proxyclient_address = controllerverbose = Truerpc_backend = rabbitrabbit_host = controllerrabbit_password = rabbitauth_strategy = keystonevnc_enabled = Truevncserver_listen = 0.0.0.0vncserver_proxyclient_address = controllernovncproxy_base_url = http://controller:6080/vnc_auto.html[database]connection = mysql://nova:nova@controller/nova[keystone_authtoken]auth_uri = http://controller:5000/v2.0identity_uri = http://controller:35357admin_tenant_name = serviceadmin_user = novaadmin_password = nova[glance]host = controller[libvirt]virt_type = qemu

6、同步nova到moriadb数据库

# su -s /bin/sh -c "nova-manage db sync" nova

7、启动众多服务开机自启动

# systemctl enable openstack-nova-api.service openstack-nova-cert.serviceopenstack-nova-consoleauth.service openstack-nova-scheduler.serviceopenstack-nova-conductor.service openstack-nova-novncproxy.service# systemctl start openstack-nova-api.service openstack-nova-cert.serviceopenstack-nova-consoleauth.service openstack-nova-scheduler.serviceopenstack-nova-conductor.service openstack-nova-novncproxy.service# systemctl enable libvirtd.service openstack-nova-compute.service# systemctl start libvirtd.service# systemctl start openstack-nova-compute.service# nova service-list# nova image-list

六、添加一个网络节点

1、创建neutron数据库和授权用户

mysql -u root -pCREATE DATABASE neutron;GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON neutron.* TO 'neutron'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'neutron';GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON neutron.* TO 'neutron'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'neutron';

2、创建neutron用户,加入到admin组中,并创建neutron服务

# keystone user-create --name neutron --pass neutron# keystone user-role-add --user neutron --tenant service --role admin# keystone service-create --name neutron --type network --description "OpenStack Networking"

3、创建neutron的endponit访问url

# keystone endpoint-create --service-id $(keystone service-list | awk '/ image / {print $2}') --publicurl http://controller:5672 --internalurl http://controller:5672 --adminurl http://controller:5672 --region regionOne

4、安装neutron包

# yum -y install openstack-neutron openstack-neutron-ml2 python-neutronclient which

5、修改neutron配置文件

# cp /etc/neutron/neutron.conf /etc/neutron/neutron.conf.bak# vim /etc/neutron/neutron.conf [DEFAULT] rpc_backend = rabbitrabbit_host = controllerrabbit_password = rabbitauth_strategy = keystonecore_plugin = ml2service_plugins = routerallow_overlapping_ips = Truenotify_nova_on_port_status_changes = Truenotify_nova_on_port_data_changes = Truenova_url = http://controller:8774/v2nova_admin_auth_url = http://controller:35357/v2.0nova_region_name = regionOnenova_admin_username = novanova_admin_tenant_id = SERVICE_TENANT_IDnova_admin_password = novaverbose = True[database]connection = mysql://neutron:neutron@controller/neutron[keystone_authtoken]auth_uri = http://controller:5000/v2.0identity_uri = http://controller:35357admin_tenant_name = serviceadmin_user = neutronadmin_password = neutron

6、测试

# keystone tenant-get service
# cp /etc/neutron/plugins/ml2/ml2_conf.ini /etc/neutron/plugins/ml2/ml2_conf.ini.bak# vim /etc/neutron/plugins/ml2/ml2_conf.ini[ml2]type_drivers = flat,gretenant_network_types = gremechanism_drivers = openvswitch[ml2_type_gre] tunnel_id_ranges = 1:1000[securitygroup] enable_security_group = Trueenable_ipset = Truefirewall_driver = neutron.agent.linux.iptables_firewall.OVSHybridIptablesFirewallDriver
# vim /etc/nova/nova.conf [DEFAULT]network_api_class = nova.network.neutronv2.api.APIsecurity_group_api = neutronlinuxnet_interface_driver = nova.network.linux_net.LinuxOVSInterfaceDriverfirewall_driver = nova.virt.firewall.NoopFirewallDriver[neutron]url = http://controller:9696auth_strategy = keystoneadmin_auth_url = http://controller:35357/v2.0admin_tenant_name = serviceadmin_username = neutronadmin_password = neutron
# ln -s /etc/neutron/plugins/ml2/ml2_conf.ini /etc/neutron/plugin.ini

7、同步neutron到mariadb数据库

# su -s /bin/sh -c "neutron-db-manage --config-file /etc/neutron/neutron.conf --config-file /etc/neutron/plugins/ml2/ml2_conf.ini upgrade juno" neutron

8、重新启动compute服务

# systemctl restart openstack-nova-api.service openstack-nova-scheduler.service openstack-nova-conductor.service

9、开机自启动服务

# systemctl enable neutron-server.service# systemctl start neutron-server.service

10、查看neutron-server进程

# neutron ext-list

11、查看相关信息

# tail -f /var/log/neutron/server.log

12、配置内核网络参数

# cp /etc/sysctl.conf /etc/sysctl.conf.bak# vim /etc/sysctl.conf net.ipv4.ip_forward=1net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=0net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=0# sysctl -p

13、安装网络组件包

# yum -y install openstack-neutron openstack-neutron-ml2 openstack-neutron-openvswitch

14、配置常用的网络组件

# vim /etc/neutron/plugins/ml2/ml2_conf.ini[ml2_type_flat] flat_networks = external [ovs] local_ip = INSTANCE_TUNNELS_INTERFACE_IP_ADDRESSenable_tunneling = Truebridge_mappings = external:br-ex[agent]tunnel_types = gre
# cp /etc/neutron/l3_agent.ini /etc/neutron/l3_agent.ini.bak# vim /etc/neutron/l3_agent.ini[DEFAULT] interface_driver = neutron.agent.linux.interface.OVSInterfaceDriveruse_namespaces = Trueexternal_network_bridge = br-ex verbose = True
# cp /etc/neutron/dhcp_agent.ini /etc/neutron/dhcp_agent.ini.bak# vim /etc/neutron/dhcp_agent.ini [DEFAULT]interface_driver = neutron.agent.linux.interface.OVSInterfaceDriverdhcp_driver = neutron.agent.linux.dhcp.Dnsmasquse_namespaces = True verbose = Truednsmasq_config_file = /etc/neutron/dnsmasq-neutron.conf
# cp /etc/neutron/metadata_agent.ini /etc/neutron/metadata_agent.ini.bak# vim /etc/neutron/metadata_agent.ini[DEFAULT] auth_url = http://controller:5000/v2.0auth_region = regionOneadmin_tenant_name = serviceadmin_user = neutronadmin_password = neutronnova_metadata_ip = controller metadata_proxy_shared_secret = METADATA_SECRET verbose = True
# vim /etc/nova/nova.conf [neutron] service_metadata_proxy = Truemetadata_proxy_shared_secret = METADATA_SECRET

15、在控制节点上重新启动API服务

# systemctl restart openstack-nova-api.service

七、安装配置dashboard

1、安装dashboard和所需的和依赖包

# yum install openstack-dashboard httpd mod_wsgi memcached python-memcached

2、修改dashboard配置文件

# cp /etc/openstack-dashboard/local_settings /etc/openstack-dashboard/local_settings.bak# vim /etc/openstack-dashboard/local_settingsOPENSTACK_HOST = "controller"ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']CACHES = {'default': {'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.memcached.MemcachedCache','LOCATION': '127.0.0.1:11211',}}TIME_ZONE = "TIME_ZONE"

3、运行web服务连接OpenStack服务

# setsebool -P httpd_can_network_connect on

4、由于包装缺陷,仪表板不能正确加载CSS。运行以下命令来解决这个问题:

# chown -R apache:apache /usr/share/openstack-dashboard/static

5、启动Web服务器和会话存储服务和配置启动系统启动时:

# systemctl enable httpd.service memcached.service# systemctl start httpd.service memcached.service

八、访问测试

1、基于HTTP进行访问测试:

好了,今天就先到这里吧!

    推荐阅读
  • 胖大海多久喝一次(胖大海喝一次的间隔时间)

    跟着小编一起来看一看吧!胖大海多久喝一次肥海泡水一次放几粒一般在肥海泡1-2粒即可。若用于治疗急性扁桃腺炎,用肥海泡3-5粒,开水泡2-3天后,症状即可消失;若用于治病,可将肥海泡5粒,洗净,用冰糖30克放入碗中,冲入开水中,浸泡半小时。茶饮,一天两次。

  • 我的前半生电视剧剧情(我的前半生简介)

    我的前半生电视剧剧情《我的前半生》是由沈严执导,靳东、马伊琍、袁泉、雷佳音、吴越领衔主演的都市情感剧。该剧讲述了生活优越安逸的全职太太罗子君与丈夫陈俊生离婚后一切归零,在闺蜜唐晶及其男友贺涵的帮助下打破困境,进入职场,在自我成长中走向人生下一程的故事。然而唐晶因生病很快回来,想与贺涵重新在一起,子君与贺涵刚刚萌发的爱情遭遇了道义与友情的考验。

  • success in doing sth例句(每日一句Lifeis)

    想要学习英语口语,小编推荐领取价值188元的外教体验课以及英语水平测试~马上点击左下方,免费体验一下吧!

  • 什么都不想做女主钱去哪里了 没钱当然要做啦

    李夏天醉酒后发疯,非要把自己卡里的钱都提取出来,从村子到镇上,钱被遗落。什么都不想做男主为什么不说话《什么都不想做》男主安大凡不说话是因为姐姐的去世,给其造成了心理创伤,除非是迫不得已,安大凡一般都不会说话。

  • 动漫角色崩坏图(崩坏的动漫主题乐园)

    全球范围内都有不少知名的动漫主题乐园,这些动漫主题乐园为众多动漫爱好者以及孩童们带来了欢乐。最后大家来看看你在2015年举办的中国经典动漫90周年纪念展中,葫芦娃们的经典形象完全被毁容了,看着《葫芦娃》这部国产动画长大的动画观众们看到这些质量粗劣的山寨塑像,肯定会非常生气吧。最可笑的就是,那次纪念展中展出的葫芦娃形象并没有获得版权方授权,纯属侵权行为。

  • 蚂蚁庄园今日答案8月20日(蚂蚁庄园今日答案8月20日答案)

    画眉之风起于战国时期,在画眉材料“黛”出现之前,女子们都是用柳枝烧焦后涂在眉毛上的。核桃又称胡桃,它是汉代张骞出使西域时,才带回我国的。然而腰果外壳含有毒性、腐蚀性极强的壳油,会侵蚀皮肤。所以厂家必须先去壳才能售卖。自身无法排除异物时需及时就医,但绝对不能揉眼睛哦,揉眼可能会擦伤角膜,加重损伤,影响视力。

  • 潍坊肉火烧的做法(潍坊肉火烧怎么做)

    潍坊肉火烧的做法主料:五花肉450克、面粉300克。辅料:大葱4颗、盐2克、油适量、酵母粉2克、猪油1茶匙、砂糖1克、蛋清1个、生姜1块、酒酿2勺、蚝油1勺、生抽2茶匙、香油几滴、味精1/6茶匙、五香粉适量、盐2克。揉至猪油略微吸收,面团的表面还有一层猪油的油腻感,盖上保鲜膜进行发酵。肉糜中加入,盐2克,蚝油,五香粉,味精,砂糖,蛋清,生抽,香油。分割成等量的剂子。按扁所有的生胚,开启小火加热。

  • 梦见脖子(梦见脖子寓意是什么)

    梦见脖子梦见脖子被掐,健康方面须要注意。呼吸系统呈现病痛的阴影。特别要注意支气管炎、哮喘、肺炎、结核等疾病当然也要小心感冒。如果你是网球、台球、或各项田径运动的个人选手,在这段时间将实力大增。但还是要自己努力训练成绩才会提高。梦见自己的脖子,从周公解梦来说,生活中就会得到成功。梦见颈部变粗,脖子变粗表示名利双收,运气会愈来愈好。脖子支撑着头颅,就像生活支撑着事业,所以脖子象征生活。

  • 中国旅游日南通有哪些优惠?(春节期间南通旅游景点免费吗)

    针对残疾人南通狼山国家森林公园残疾人凭残疾证免费游览狼山、啬园、军山景区。南通城市绿谷医务工作者可凭证件免票。南通城市绿谷还推出了射击买一送一再送一,充值120元免费烧烤的优惠。

  • 红虫钓鲫鱼绝密技巧及注意事项,一定要提前打好窝子

    因为麝香米的味道比酒米浓得多,打得多反而容易引起鱼的警惕性。因为商品饵料可以根据鱼的情况调整味型。